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Effects of Transparency on Perceived Humanness: Implications for Rendering Skin Tones Using Optical See-Through

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    Augmented reality displays struggle with low lightness colors, causing bias. Lower opacity virtual humans appear less human, potentially introducing racial bias in AR experiences.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Computer Graphics
    • Virtual Reality

    Background:

    • Optical see-through augmented reality (AR) displays have limitations in rendering low lightness colors accurately.
    • This can lead to unintended bias when displaying virtual humans with diverse skin tones, as lower lightness skin may appear more transparent.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if varying opacity levels in virtual humans affect perceptions of humanness and dehumanization.
    • To explore the impact of skin tone lightness and facial emotionality on these perceptions.

    Main Methods:

    • An exploratory user study was conducted with 160 participants.
    • Participants evaluated virtual human and avatar faces displayed at different opacity levels.
    • Perceived humanness, dehumanization, and emotionality were assessed.

    Main Results:

    • Decreasing opacity levels led to increased perceptions of dehumanization.
    • Virtual humans with lower lightness skin tones were perceived as less human than those with higher lightness skin tones.
    • Facial emotionality influenced perceived humanness, with angry faces seen as less human and happy faces at lower opacities seen as more human.

    Conclusions:

    • Hardware limitations in AR displays can introduce unintentional racial bias through differential avatar opacity.
    • Perceived humanness is influenced by both avatar opacity and emotional expression.
    • Further research is needed to address these biases and understand the complex interactions affecting dehumanization in AR.