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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
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Cognitive Aspects in Multiple Sclerosis.

Marijana Lisak1, Bruno Špiljak, Hanna Pašić

  • 1University Department of Neurology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, marijana.lisak@kbcsm.hr; mlisak@sfzg.hr.

Psychiatria Danubina
|February 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Brief cognitive assessments can help detect cognitive relapses in MS patients, serving as an indicator of disease activity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuropsychology

Background:

  • Cognitive dysfunction is prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS), affecting up to 40% of patients with mild-to-moderate impairment and over 50% with severe decline in progressive stages.
  • Common cognitive deficits in MS include slowed information processing speed, reduced word fluency, impaired attention, and executive dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common neuropsychological assessments for evaluating cognition in MS patients.
  • To address the identification and assessment of cognitive relapse in multiple sclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • A literature review of recently published studies on cognitive decline in MS.
  • Focus on PubMed search for relevant data.
  • Discussion of neuropsychological assessment tools and cognitive relapse criteria.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive relapse in MS patients may not meet criteria for classical clinical relapse.
  • Cognitive decline shows a poor correlation with functional disability but strong correlation with neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging findings in MS.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive decline can serve as an additional indicator of MS activity and warrants routine evaluation.
  • Brief, psychometrically validated cognitive assessments are valuable for detecting cognitive relapse in MS.