Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 3, 2025
Ex Situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Donor Livers
Published on: May 26, 2015
Ex Vivo Normothermic Perfusion of Human Upper Limbs
Majid Rezaei1, Carlos Ordenana, Brian A Figueroa
1Plastic Surgery Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
Background:
Ischemia-reperfusion injury remains a primary concern in upper extremity transplantation. Ex vivo normothermic perfusion (EVNP) enables near-physiological organ preservation, avoiding the deleterious effects of hypoxia and cooling. We investigated the effectiveness of human limb EVNP compared with static cold storage (SCS).
Methods:
Twenty human upper extremities were procured. Ten were perfused at 38 °C with an oxygenated red blood cell-based solution, and contralateral limbs served as SCS control (4 °C). EVNP was terminated with systolic arterial pressure ≥115 mm Hg, compartment fullness, or a 20% decline in oxygen saturation. Weight, contractility, compartment pressure, tissue oxygen saturation, and uptake rates were assessed. Perfusate fluid dynamics, gases, electrolytes, and metabolites were measured. Myocyte injury scores and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis were performed.
Results:
EVNP duration was 41.6 ± 9.4 h. Vascular resistance averaged 173.0 ± 29.4 mm Hg × min/L. Weight change and compartment pressures were 0.4 ± 12.2% ( P = 0.21) and 21.7 ± 15.58 mm Hg ( P = 0.003), respectively. Arterial and venous carbon dioxide partial pressure, oxygen saturation, and pH were 509.5 ± 91.4 mm Hg, 15.7 ± 30.2 mm Hg, 87.4 ± 11.4%, and 7.3 ± 0.2, respectively. Oxygen uptake rates averaged 5.7 ± 2.8 mL/min/g. Lactate reached 20 mmol/L after 15 (interquartile range = 6) h. Limb contractility was preserved for 30.5 (interquartile range = 15.8) h ( P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with perfusate potassium (ρ = -0.7, P < 0.001). Endpoint myocyte injury scores were 28.9 ± 11.5% (EVNP) and 90.2 ± 11.8% (SCS) ( P < 0.001). A significant increase in taurine ( P = 0.002) and decrease in tryptophan ( P = 0.002) were detected. Infrared thermography and indocyanine green angiography confirmed the presence of peripheral perfusion.
Conclusions:
EVNP can overcome the limitations of cold preservation by extending preservation times, enabling limb quality assessment, and allowing limb reconditioning before transplantation.
