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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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A Benign Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

Reza Pishdad1, Mona Vahidi Rad2, Lissette Cespedes3

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.

Cureus
|February 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) can be aggressive, but this case shows a large MTC with high calcitonin behaving benignly. Genetic studies may reveal mutations linked to better MTC prognosis.

Keywords:
calcitoninceafnamedullary thyroid cancernodule

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) often presents with metastatic disease and high preoperative calcitonin levels, predicting poor outcomes.
  • Tumor size >4 cm and calcitonin >500 pg/ml are associated with a high risk of persistent disease after surgery.

Observation:

  • A patient with a large MTC and extremely elevated calcitonin levels unexpectedly showed no signs of metastasis.
  • The tumor exhibited a relatively benign clinical course despite its advanced presentation.

Findings:

  • The benign behavior of this MTC suggests that specific genetic mutations may correlate with a better prognosis.
  • This challenges the typical association between tumor size, calcitonin levels, and metastatic potential in MTC.

Implications:

  • Genetic profiling of MTC is crucial for accurate disease prognostication.
  • Further research into MTC genomic alterations could identify novel therapeutic targets and improve patient outcomes.