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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Small Non-Coding RNAs in Leukemia.

Veronica Balatti1,2, Carlo M Croce1,2

  • 1Department of Cancer Biology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

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|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression and are implicated in leukemia development and drug resistance. Understanding their role may lead to new biomarkers and therapies for leukemia.

Keywords:
leukemiamiRNAmicroRNAsmall non-coding RNAstRNA fragments

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Leukemia incidence is rising, with drug resistance posing a significant threat to patient survival.
  • Small non-coding RNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression in various cellular processes.
  • Dysregulation of small non-coding RNAs is linked to cancer development, progression, and treatment response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulatory mechanisms of small non-coding RNA expression in leukemia.
  • To assess the clinical implications of small non-coding RNAs in leukemia.
  • To explore the potential of small non-coding RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in leukemia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on small non-coding RNA expression in leukemia.
  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms of small non-coding RNAs.
  • Assessment of clinical relevance and therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

  • Small non-coding RNAs exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns.
  • Altered expression of small non-coding RNAs impacts genes involved in tumor development and drug response.
  • Small non-coding RNAs play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of hematological malignancies.

Conclusions:

  • Small non-coding RNAs are pivotal in leukemia onset, staging, relapse, and drug response.
  • Small non-coding RNAs hold promise as diagnostic biomarkers for leukemia.
  • Targeting small non-coding RNAs represents a potential therapeutic strategy for leukemia treatment.