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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
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Common Themes and Future Challenges in Understanding Gene Regulatory Network Evolution.

Isabella Schember1, Marc S Halfon1,2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.

Cells
|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Understanding gene regulatory network (GRN) evolution is key to explaining species traits. This review examines insect pigmentation GRNs to reveal common themes and challenges in studying GRN changes across evolutionary distances.

Keywords:
DrosophilaHeliconiuscis-regulatory modulesco-optionenhancersevolutiongene regulatory networksmodularitypigmentation pattern

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Alterations in gene regulatory networks (GRNs) drive the evolution of species-specific traits.
  • Understanding GRN evolution requires knowledge of structural changes and their underlying mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review two insect pigmentation GRNs to identify common themes in GRN evolution.
  • To explore challenges in investigating GRN changes across evolutionary distances at the molecular level.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of well-defined GRNs (Drosophila) and emerging models (Heliconius butterflies).
  • Examination of regulatory element co-option and redeployment of trans-acting factors.
  • Discussion of multi-level GRN architecture definition and complementary approaches.

Main Results:

  • Studies of Drosophila pigmentation GRNs illustrate diverse mechanisms of regulator co-option.
  • Heliconius pigmentation GRNs offer insights into cis-regulatory redundancy and modularity.
  • Redeployment of trans-acting factors can lead to GRN rewiring and network co-option.

Conclusions:

  • Investigating GRN evolution necessitates defining network architecture at multiple levels within and between species.
  • Utilizing complementary molecular approaches is crucial for gaining comprehensive insights into GRN evolution.