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Errors in Global Positioning System01:26

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Closed-Form UAV LoS Blockage Probability in Mixed Ground- and Rooftop-Mounted Urban mmWave NR Deployments.

Vyacheslav Begishev1, Dmitri Moltchanov2, Anna Gaidamaka2,3

  • 1Department of Applied Probability and Informatics, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia.

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Summary

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) face connectivity issues in 5G/6G networks due to building blockages. This study models line-of-sight (LoS) blockage probability, finding wider streets and rooftop base stations significantly improve UAV connectivity.

Keywords:
LoS blockageclosed-from approximationmillimeter wavenew radiorooftop deploymentsunmanned aerial vehicles

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless communication networks
  • Millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology
  • Urban network deployment

Background:

  • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are emerging users for 5G/6G networks, requiring reliable connectivity for advanced services.
  • Millimeter-wave (mmWave) New Radio (NR) technology offers high bandwidth but is susceptible to blockages in urban environments.
  • Building obstructions between base stations (BS) and UAVs can cause frequent service outages, impacting UAV operations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and model the line-of-sight (LoS) blockage probability for UAVs in urban mmWave NR systems.
  • To develop a closed-form approximation for LoS blockage probability based on urban and network parameters.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of rooftop-mounted mmWave BSs in mitigating connectivity issues.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing integral geometry tools to characterize UAV connectivity.
  • Developing a closed-form approximation for LoS blockage probability.
  • Analyzing the impact of various deployment parameters, including street width, building height, BS height, UAV altitude, and BS placement (rooftop vs. ground-mounted).

Main Results:

  • The proposed model provides an upper bound for UAV LoS blockage probability, which improves with BS density.
  • Street width, building height, BS height, and UAV altitude significantly impact LoS blockage probability.
  • Rooftop-mounted mmWave BSs offer substantial improvements, with one rooftop BS being equivalent to 6-12 ground-mounted BSs.
  • Wider streets (e.g., 20m) drastically reduce UAV LoS blockage probability by up to 50% compared to narrower streets (e.g., 10m).

Conclusions:

  • The integral geometry approach provides an effective method for modeling UAV connectivity in urban mmWave networks.
  • Strategic deployment of mmWave BSs, particularly on rooftops and in wider streets, is crucial for ensuring reliable UAV communication.
  • Network planning must consider urban morphology and BS placement to optimize UAV service continuity and performance.