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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pediatric Osteosarcoma: Pearls and Pitfalls.

Nelson Menendez1, Monica Epelman1, Lei Shao2

  • 1University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL; Department of Radiology, Nemours Children's Health System/Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL.

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR
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Osteosarcoma, a common childhood bone cancer, often presents with localized pain and swelling. Early radiographic recognition of its various subtypes is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Oncology
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor predominantly affecting children and adolescents.
  • It exhibits a bimodal incidence, with peaks in early adolescence and older adulthood.
  • Symptoms like localized bone pain and swelling can be mistaken for trauma or exercise-related issues, delaying diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the common clinical presentation of osteosarcoma.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing diverse osteosarcoma subtypes.
  • To underscore the critical role of radiologists in accurate and timely diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of osteosarcoma epidemiology and clinical presentation.
  • Classification of conventional and other osteosarcoma subtypes.
  • Discussion of diagnostic imaging features.

Main Results:

  • Conventional high-grade osteosarcoma is the most frequent type.
  • Radiographic appearance often suggests the diagnosis of conventional osteosarcoma.
  • Awareness of subtypes like low-grade central, telangiectatic, and small-cell osteosarcoma is essential.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition of osteosarcoma symptoms is vital.
  • Radiologists must be adept at identifying various osteosarcoma subtypes through imaging.
  • Accurate radiological interpretation prevents treatment delays for this pediatric bone malignancy.