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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
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Monolignol export by diffusion down a polymerization-induced concentration gradient.

Mendel L Perkins1, Mathias Schuetz1, Faride Unda2

  • 1Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

The Plant Cell
|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lignin precursors (monolignols) are exported from plant cells via diffusion, driven by their polymerization in the cell wall. This process relies on enzymes like laccases, not specific transporters.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Renewable energy

Background:

  • Lignin is a vital biopolymer for energy and chemicals.
  • The mechanism of lignin precursor (monolignol) export from plant cells remains unclear.
  • Previous models suggested passive diffusion, but experimental evidence was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the mechanism of monolignol transport across cell membranes.
  • To determine the role of laccases and cell wall polymerization in monolignol export.
  • To elucidate the driving force behind monolignol movement for lignin biosynthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two-photon microscopy to visualize lignifying Arabidopsis thaliana root cells.
  • Created and tested synthetic liposomes containing laccases to model monolignol transport.
  • Examined laccase mutants and the effects of active transport inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significant monolignol diffusion across lipid bilayers when laccases were present.
  • Observed accumulation of monolignols inside cells of laccase mutants lacking cell wall lignin.
  • Found that active transport inhibitors did not impede lignin formation or cause phenolic buildup.

Conclusions:

  • Monolignol export is primarily driven by diffusion into the cell wall, facilitated by polymerization acting as a 'sink'.
  • This sink-driven diffusion mechanism explains the lack of specific transporter genes and the non-specific export of phenylpropanoids.
  • Cell wall oxidative enzymes, such as laccases, play a crucial role in facilitating monolignol export.