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Related Concept Videos

Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview01:10

Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview

Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR01:16

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR

Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a high...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR
09:37

Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR

Published on: February 12, 2019

NMR of Fully and Partially 13C-Enriched Biomass Enhances Pendent Group Structural Characterization.

John Ralph1,2,3, Guy Lippens4, Marco Tonelli5

  • 1Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|June 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments for biomass analysis are improved with novel techniques. These methods enhance sensitivity and enable detailed mapping of complex plant polymers and their components.

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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 17, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR
09:37

Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR

Published on: February 12, 2019

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
14:55

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 17, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Traditional solution-state NMR struggles with fully 13C-labeled biomass due to 13C-13C coupling.
  • Enhanced sensitivity and reduced complications are needed for biomass structural elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present advanced NMR techniques for analyzing complex biomass polymers.
  • To improve the sensitivity and scope of NMR experiments for biomass characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized constant-time HSQC (CT-HSQC) analogs for enhanced sensitivity.
  • Employed CT-HSQC-TOCSY for proton coupling networks in low-labeling biomass.
  • Applied relayed C-C experiments for long-range correlations and quaternary carbon assignment.
  • Implemented C-C-FLOPSY for mapping extensive carbon networks in fully labeled biomass.

Main Results:

  • CT-HSQC experiments mitigate 13C-13C coupling issues, improving results.
  • CT-HSQC-TOCSY provides valuable data on unlabeled or lightly labeled biomass polymers.
  • Relayed C-C experiments successfully assign coupled and quaternary carbons.
  • C-C-FLOPSY effectively maps carbon networks in complex biomass mixtures.
  • Detailed identification of lignin and arabinoxylan substituents (tricin, coumarates, hydroxybenzoates, ferulates) in various plant sources.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced NMR techniques offer superior solutions for biomass structural analysis.
  • These methods enable precise characterization of diverse plant cell-wall components and their modifications.