Emerged macrophytes to the rescue: Perfluoroalkyl acid removal from wastewater and spiked solutions

This study evaluated the potential for three emergent aquatic macrophytes to remove perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from contaminated waters in constructed wetland systems. Three plants (Iris pseudacorus L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud., and Typha latifolia L.) were exposed to an effluent from a tannery wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that contained residual PFAAs, and to three spiked solutions with increasing concentrations of 11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and three perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) (500, 2500, and 5000 ng L^-1, each). Thirty-six lightweight expanded clay aggregate- and vegetation-filled tanks (0.35 × 0.56 × 0.31 m) were exposed to the tested solutions at the Acque del Chiampo SpA WWTP in Arzignano (NE Italy). Throughout the experiment, PFAA concentrations and physicochemical water parameters were monitored via measures of the clay material, plastic tank inner surfaces, and below- and above-ground biomasses (after harvest). Vegetation growth was shown to be unaffected by increased PFAA levels in the spiked solutions. Alternatively, total biomass was significantly reduced when WWTP water was used, although we attribute this finding to the relatively high salinity that mainly restricted Typha and Iris development. The tested macrophytes were found to remove a significant PFAA mass from the contaminated waters (36% to ca. 80%, on average) when Phragmites was subjected to the highest PFAA concentrations. Such large accumulations were primarily associated with long C-chain PFAA stabilization in belowground biomass (26%, on average). Most PFAA translocations were observed in Typha, which accumulated mostly short perfluorinated C-chain PFBA, PFPeA, and PFHxA in the aboveground biomass (16%, on average). Despite some growth limitations, Iris was still the most efficient macrophyte for translocating PFBS under WWTP.