Nonlinearity in bone-conducted amplitude-modulated cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials: harmonic...

Otolith organs of the balance system, the saccule and utricle, encode linear acceleration. Integrity of the saccule is commonly assessed using cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) arising from an inhibitory reflex along the vestibulospinal pathway. Conventional approaches to eliciting these responses use brief, transient sounds to elicit onset responses. Here we used long-duration amplitude-modulated (AM) tones to elicit cVEMPs (AMcVEMPs) and analyzed their spectral content for evidence of nonlinear processing consistent with known characteristics of vestibular hair cells. Twelve young adults (ages 21-25) with no hearing or vestibular pathologies participated in this study. AMcVEMPs were elicited by bone-conducted AM tones with a 500-Hz carrier frequency. Eighteen modulation frequencies were used between 7 and 403 Hz. All participants had robust distortion products at harmonics of the modulation frequency. Total harmonic distortion ranged from approximately 10 to 80%. AMcVEMPs contain harmonic distortion products consistent with vestibular hair cell nonlinearities, and this new approach to studying the otolith organs may provide a noninvasive, in vivo method to study nonlinearity of vestibular hair cells in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The otolith balance organs of humans are assessed for basic science and clinical applications by using vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs). Traditionally, VEMPs are elicited with brief, transient sounds to study onset responses. We used long-duration sounds to elicit steady-state VEMPs. This allowed us to measure nonlinear distortion products, consistent with nonlinear processing in vestibular hair cells. This new approach may help to better understand links between otolith organs and balance function.