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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

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Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
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Blood Flow Imaging with Ultrafast Doppler
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Does the Pulsatile Non-uniform Flow Matter in MR Flowmetry?

Masataka Sugiyama1,2, Yasuo Takehara1,2, Shinji Naganawa2

  • 1Departments of Fundamental Development for Advanced Low Invasive Diagnostic Imaging, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine.

Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences : MRMS : an Official Journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|February 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) offers non-invasive blood flow measurement but is sensitive to complex flow patterns. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides an alternative, though both methods have limitations requiring careful interpretation.

Keywords:
2D cine phase contrast4D flow magnetic resonance imagingcomputational fluid dynamicsnon-laminar flowturbulence

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Imaging and Hemodynamics
  • Medical Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) enables non-invasive, time-resolved, 3D blood flow quantification in various vessels.
  • 4D flow MRI measurements are susceptible to inaccuracies caused by pulsatile and non-uniform blood flow due to spatial and temporal resolution limitations.
  • Averaging within voxels during 4D flow MRI can obscure intricate flow dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the vulnerabilities of 4D flow MRI flowmetry to non-uniform and pulsatile blood flow.
  • To explore the utility of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a complementary or alternative method for blood flow analysis.
  • To highlight considerations for comparing 4D flow MRI data with CFD simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized streamline visualizations from 4D flow MRI and CFD to identify regions of dominant non-uniform flow.
  • Leveraged CFD simulations for flowmetry, benefiting from potentially higher spatial and temporal resolutions compared to 4D flow MRI.
  • Acknowledged limitations in CFD, including inlet condition resolution and modeling of complex flow phenomena like peripheral reflection flow.

Main Results:

  • 4D flow MRI flowmetry is vulnerable to pulsatile and non-uniform flow due to inherent resolution limits and voxel averaging.
  • CFD simulations offer robustness against fluctuating non-uniform flow due to higher achievable resolutions.
  • CFD performance can be constrained by low-resolution temporal inlet conditions and the complexity of simulating peripheral flow patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Strategic placement of measurement planes, guided by streamline analysis, can mitigate 4D flow MRI inaccuracies in non-uniform flow regions.
  • CFD provides a powerful tool for high-resolution flowmetry, but its accuracy depends on accurate boundary conditions and model complexity.
  • Direct comparison between 4D flow MRI measurements and CFD simulations requires careful consideration of their respective limitations and assumptions.