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Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

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Diffusional Characteristics of Brain Matter after Stroke.

K V Zhuravleva¹, A A Savelov², A M Korostyshevskaya¹

¹International Tomography Center, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine

|February 17, 2022

Summary

Diffusion-kurtosis MRI reveals significant differences in white matter diffusion and kurtosis between healthy individuals and stroke patients. These findings, considering age and sex, may help identify stroke risk using novel metrics.

Keywords:

diffusion kurtosis magnetic resonance imaging stroke

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

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Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 14, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Radiology
Neurology

Background:

Acute cerebrovascular accident (stroke) significantly impacts brain tissue characteristics.
Diffusion-kurtosis MRI (DK-MRI) offers advanced insights into tissue microstructure.
Understanding contralateral hemisphere changes is crucial for stroke assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze diffusion and kurtosis characteristics in the hemisphere contralateral to acute stroke.
To compare these diffusion metrics between healthy subjects and stroke patients.
To identify potential imaging biomarkers for stroke risk.

Main Methods:

Diffusion-kurtosis MRI was employed to acquire diffusion and kurtosis data.
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare white and gray matter metrics between groups, controlling for age and sex.
Regression analysis investigated age-dependent changes in diffusion metrics.

Main Results:

Significant differences in apparent diffusion coefficient and mean kurtosis were observed in the white matter between healthy subjects and stroke patients.
Age was identified as a significant factor influencing apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion kurtosis in the white matter.
Novel metrics derived from diffusion and kurtosis were proposed for stroke risk assessment.

Conclusions:

DK-MRI can detect microstructural alterations in the contralateral hemisphere following stroke.
Age-dependent changes in white matter diffusion metrics are significant.
Proposed diffusion and kurtosis metrics show promise for early stroke risk identification.