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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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What second-language speakers can tell us about pragmatic processing.

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  • 1Department of English, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

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Summary

Scalar implicatures, or

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Second Language Acquisition
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Scalar implicatures, such as inferring 'some but not all' from 'some', are common in language.
  • Previous L2 studies suggested pragmatic inferences are default and easy for learners, but used limited offline methods.
  • Online processing of scalar implicatures in L2 English speakers remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the online processing of scalar implicatures in L2 English speakers.
  • To examine how L2 proficiency and Theory of Mind abilities influence pragmatic inference generation.

Main Methods:

  • An online sentence verification task was used with under-informative sentences (e.g., 'Some cats are mammals').
  • Participants judged sentence veracity, with response times analyzed.
  • Theory of Mind was assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Social Skills subscale).

Main Results:

  • Scalar inferences ('some but not all') were not generated by default, indicated by slower response times compared to logical interpretations ('some and perhaps all').
  • This processing slowdown was more pronounced in participants with lower English proficiency.
  • Higher Theory of Mind scores correlated with a greater likelihood of deriving scalar inferences.

Conclusions:

  • Scalar implicatures are not automatically generated by L2 English speakers; their processing requires cognitive effort.
  • L2 proficiency and Theory of Mind abilities significantly modulate scalar implicature processing.
  • Findings offer new insights into L2 pragmatic processing and inform theories in experimental pragmatics and SLA.