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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
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Arithmetic learning in children: An fMRI training study.

Merel Declercq1, Elien Bellon1, Muhammet Ikbal Sahan2

  • 1Department of Parenting and Special Education, KU Leuven, Leopold, Vanderkelenstraat, 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.

Neuropsychologia
|February 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children

Keywords:
ArithmeticChildrenFact retrievalLearningfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Development
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Arithmetic learning involves a shift from procedural strategies to fact retrieval.
  • Adult fMRI studies show decreased prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and a parietal lobe shift from the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) to the angular gyrus (AG) during this learning process.
  • Children's arithmetic fact retrieval may involve the hippocampus (HC), which is not consistently observed in adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if similar neural changes observed in adult arithmetic learning occur in children.
  • To examine the role of the hippocampus (HC) in children's arithmetic fact retrieval.
  • To compare the brain activity patterns associated with arithmetic learning in children versus adults.

Main Methods:

  • 26 typically developing 9- to-10-year-olds underwent a 6-day at-home multiplication training.
  • fMRI scans were conducted before and after training, assessing three conditions: trained complex items, untrained complex items, and single-digit items.
  • Behavioral data confirmed successful training.

Main Results:

  • Children showed increased activity in the IPS and PFC for untrained items post-training, suggesting an existing fronto-parietal network for procedural arithmetic.
  • No significant training-related changes were observed in the hippocampus (HC).
  • Contrary to adult findings, increased angular gyrus (AG) activity for trained items was not observed in children.

Conclusions:

  • The neural processes underlying arithmetic fact learning differ between children and adults.
  • Children aged 9-10 already possess the fronto-parietal network supporting procedural arithmetic problem-solving.
  • The study did not find evidence for the expected hippocampal involvement or angular gyrus shift in this age group during arithmetic learning.