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Gender Backlash and the Moderating Role of Shared Racial Group Membership
Vivian L Xiao1, Brian S Lowery1, Amelia Stillwell2
1Stanford University, CA, USA.
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
|February 21, 2022
Summary
Perceivers express more backlash toward women who violate gender norms when they share the same racial identity. This in-group bias in backlash is observed across various contexts, including political and legal settings.
Area of Science:
- Social Psychology
- Intergroup Relations
- Gender Studies
Background:
- Existing research indicates White women face more gender backlash than women of color for expressing agency.
- Previous studies often focus on White perceivers, potentially underestimating backlash against minority women in same-race interactions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate how the racial alignment between perceivers and targets influences backlash against women violating gender norms.
- To determine if backlash is primarily an in-group phenomenon based on race.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of high-profile U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings (Dr. Christine Blasey-Ford and Anita Hill).
- Archival analysis of the 2016 U.S. presidential election data.
- Conducted two experimental studies manipulating race of perceiver and target.
Main Results:
- Perceivers exhibited greater backlash toward women who violated gender norms when the perceiver and target belonged to the same racial group.
- This in-group favoritism in backlash was consistent across the analyzed real-world events and experimental data.
Conclusions:
- Racial in-group preference significantly predicts backlash against women violating gender norms.
- Understanding the interplay of race and gender is crucial for comprehending intergroup dynamics and social judgments.
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