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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

296
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
296
Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

189
Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
189
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

491
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
491
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

461
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
461
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

215
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
215
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

692
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Specific Learning Disabilities in India: Current Situation and the Path Ahead.

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  • 1Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Correspondence to: Dr Sunil Karande, Professor of Pediatrics and Head of Department, In-Charge Learning Disability Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, Maharashtra. karandesunil@yahoo.com.

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Disability Studies
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • Students with specific learning disabilities (SpLD) require timely support for mainstream education.
  • India's Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016, officially recognizes SpLD as a disability.
  • The Act mandates universal screening, remedial resources, and examination accommodations for SpLD students.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the implications of the RPwD Act, 2016, for students with SpLD in India.
  • To highlight the provisions and mandates established by the Act.
  • To identify key requirements for effective implementation of SpLD support.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016.
  • Analysis of mandated provisions for SpLD identification and support.
  • Identification of stakeholder roles in implementation.

Main Results:

  • The RPwD Act, 2016, legally mandates SpLD screening, remedial education, and accommodations.
  • It also enables reservation benefits in higher education and employment for individuals with SpLD.
  • Effective implementation hinges on collaboration for assessment clinics, special educators, and multilingual diagnostic tools.

Conclusions:

  • The RPwD Act, 2016, provides a crucial legal framework for supporting students with SpLD in India.
  • Successful execution requires a concerted effort from education and health sectors.
  • Developing accessible, validated diagnostic tools in regional languages is essential for equitable support.