Paving the way towards continuous biosensing by implementing affinity-based nanoswitches on state-dependent readout...

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Analytical Chemistry
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Continuous biosensors are crucial for real-time monitoring in research, diagnostics, and industry.
• Existing biosensors often rely on batch processing, limiting their utility for continuous measurements.
• Recent advancements enable continuous biosensing by integrating affinity-based nanoswitches with state-dependent readout platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of affinity-based continuous biosensing.
• To discuss the essential components required for continuous biosensing systems.
• To review current strategies and future opportunities in the field.

Main Methods:

• Summarizing strategies for developing protein and nucleic acid-based nanoswitches.
• Reviewing readout strategies compatible with nanoswitches for continuous monitoring.
• Analyzing integrated biosensor systems that enable real-time measurements.

Main Results:

• Demonstration of how affinity-based nanoswitches and readout platforms overcome batch processing limitations.
• Identification of diverse approaches for designing molecular switches (protein and nucleic acid-based).
• Compilation of biosensors successfully implemented for continuous measurements.

Conclusions:

• Affinity-based continuous biosensing is achievable by combining nanoswitches and readout platforms.
• The review highlights challenges and opportunities for advancing continuous biosensing technologies.
• This work aims to guide and stimulate future research in real-time biosensing.