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Related Concept Videos

Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Probing RNA Structure with Dimethyl Sulfate Mutational Profiling with Sequencing In Vitro and in Cells
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Probing RNA Structure with Dimethyl Sulfate Mutational Profiling with Sequencing In Vitro and in Cells

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Does rapid sequence divergence preclude RNA structure conservation in vertebrates?

Stefan E Seemann1,2, Aashiq H Mirza1,3, Claus H Bang-Berthelsen1,4

  • 1Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health (RTH), University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Nucleic Acids Research
|February 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA sequences can evolve rapidly while maintaining their structure, even in vertebrates. This accelerated evolution, though rare, was observed in newly identified and known RNA structures, some linked to immune response.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Accelerated genome evolution often indicates adaptation and positive selection.
  • Structured RNAs are crucial for function, but their rapid sequence evolution is understudied.
  • RNA structures typically evolve via negative selection to preserve base pairing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the rate of primary sequence evolution in structured RNAs while conserving their structure.
  • To identify rapidly evolving RNA structures within vertebrate genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of predicted and known RNA structures in vertebrate genomes (human and mouse).
  • Identification of structures with sequences diverging at least twice as fast as neutral evolution.
  • Rigorous control of false discovery rates.

Main Results:

  • 13 de novo and 3 known RNA structures with rapidly evolving sequences were identified.
  • These rapidly evolving sequences maintain structural integrity.
  • Two known structures are involved in translation inhibition related to infection and immune response.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid sequence divergence is compatible with RNA structure conservation in vertebrates.
  • These instances of accelerated sequence evolution in structured RNAs are relatively rare.
  • Findings provide insights into RNA evolution and adaptation mechanisms.