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Related Concept Videos

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
05:37

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

RNA G-quadruplexes function as a tunable switch of FUS phase separation.

Jenny L Carey1, Miyuki Hayashi1, Emily Welebob2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.

Nucleic Acids Research
|June 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) can control the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of FUS proteins. These rG4 structures offer a way to reverse toxic FUS aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases.

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In Vitro Chemical Mapping of G-Quadruplex DNA Structures by Bis-3-Chloropiperidines
05:32

In Vitro Chemical Mapping of G-Quadruplex DNA Structures by Bis-3-Chloropiperidines

Published on: May 12, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Fused in sarcoma (FUS) protein undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) for cellular functions.
  • Aberrant FUS phase transitions are linked to toxic aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Short RNA oligonucleotides can reverse aberrant FUS LLPS, but their mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify structural determinants of RNA that modulate FUS LLPS.
  • To explore RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) as regulators of FUS phase behavior.
  • To develop RNA-based strategies for dissolving pathogenic FUS assemblies.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the effect of rG4 structure (length, stability) on FUS LLPS.
  • Analyzed rG4 interactions with soluble and condensed FUS.
  • Developed a bioinformatic pipeline to discover novel rG4 inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • rG4s potently modulate FUS LLPS; activity depends on concentration, length, and stability.
  • Increasing rG4 repeat number shifts activity from inhibition to nucleation.
  • Stabilizing modifications enhance rG4 inhibitory function and ionic resilience.
  • Short rG4s preferentially interact with soluble FUS, promoting dispersion.
  • Discovered new rG4 inhibitors that reverse FUS LLPS and aggregation.

Conclusions:

  • rG4s are tunable, chemically programmable regulators of protein phase behavior.
  • Established a structure-function paradigm for RNA control of biomolecular condensates.
  • rG4s provide a blueprint for RNA-based therapeutics against FUS aggregation.