RNA G-Quadruplexes Function as a Tunable Switch of FUS Phase Separation

FUS undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to support essential cellular functions, but aberrant phase transitions promote toxic aggregation in neurodegenerative disease. Short RNA oligonucleotides can reverse this behavior, yet the structural determinants that govern RNA activity remain poorly defined. Here, we identify RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) as tunable structural motifs that potently modulate FUS LLPS. rG4 activity depends on its concentration and is modulated by rG4 length and stability: increasing repeat number switches rG4s from inhibitor to nucleator of FUS assembly, whereas chemical modifications that stabilize rG4 enhance inhibitory function and render these activities resilient to ionic perturbation. Although short rG4s interact with both soluble and condensed FUS, they preferentially engage the soluble pool, likely shifting the equilibrium toward dispersion. Leveraging these mechanistic insights, we developed a bioinformatic pipeline that uncovered more rG4 inhibitors that robustly reverse FUS LLPS and aggregation. Our findings establish rG4s as chemically programmable regulators of protein phase behavior and provide a blueprint for engineering RNA-based therapeutics that dissolve pathogenic FUS assemblies. More broadly, this work directly links RNA secondary structure to distinct functional outcomes in phase behavior, establishing a structure-function paradigm for RNA control of condensates, demonstrating implications in both fundamental biology and therapeutic development.