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Related Concept Videos

Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
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Stereoisomerism02:52

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry01:27

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A planar symmetry of charge density is obtained when charges are uniformly spread over a large flat surface. In planar symmetry, all points in a plane parallel to the plane of charge are identical with respect to the charges. Suppose the plane of the charge distribution is the xy-plane, and the electric field at a space point P with coordinates (x, y, z) is to be determined. Since the charge density is the same at all (x, y) - coordinates in the z = 0 plane, by symmetry, the electric field at P...
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Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

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In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Generating a Fractal Microstructure of Laminin-111 to Signal to Cells
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Localized states with nontrivial symmetries: Localized labyrinthine patterns.

M G Clerc1, S Echeverría-Alar1, M Tlidi2

  • 1Departamento de Física and Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 487-3, Santiago, Chile.

Physical Review. E
|February 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered stable, localized disordered patterns in complex systems. These labyrinthine patterns emerge from a pinning-depinning transition, offering new insights into pattern formation across various scientific fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Complex Systems
  • Pattern Formation

Background:

  • Self-organized patterns and localized states are common in nature.
  • Trivial symmetry patterns (stripes, hexagons) are well-understood.
  • Disordered patterns with nontrivial symmetries, like labyrinthine patterns, appear in diverse physical systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the observation of stable localized disordered patterns in spatially extended dissipative systems.
  • To characterize these structures as isolated labyrinths within a homogeneous steady state.
  • To explain the formation mechanism via a pinning-depinning transition.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two- and three-dimensional localized structures.
  • Construction of a partial bifurcation diagram.
  • Illustration using Swift-Hohenberg-type equations and established models from plant ecology, nonlinear optics, and reaction-diffusion systems.

Main Results:

  • Stable localized disordered patterns, specifically isolated labyrinths, were observed.
  • These structures are embedded in a homogeneous steady state.
  • A pinning-depinning transition was identified as the underlying mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Localized disordered patterns can form stably in dissipative systems.
  • The pinning-depinning transition provides a framework for understanding their formation.
  • Findings are relevant to diverse fields including nonlinear optics, plant ecology, and reaction-diffusion systems.