Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 2, 2025
10:37
Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy
Published on: March 16, 2020
9.8K
Preaveraging description of polymer nonequilibrium stretching
1Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan.
Physical Review. E
|February 23, 2022
Summary
This study explores polymer stretching dynamics using a preaveraging method. It reveals how hierarchical structures evolve during transient processes, impacting polymer behavior under nonequilibrium conditions.
Area of Science:
- Polymer physics
- Statistical mechanics
Background:
- Understanding polymer dynamics under nonequilibrium conditions is crucial.
- Existing models often simplify transient stretching processes.
- Self-avoiding interactions complicate polymer behavior.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the preaveraging method for describing polymer nonequilibrium stretching.
- To analyze the evolution of hierarchical regime structures during transient processes.
- To consider nonequilibrium work relations and fluctuation-dissipation theorem deviations.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing a preaveraging description for polymer nonequilibrium stretching.
- Employing mode analysis to simplify the Langevin equation.
- Analyzing the transient stretching process and its hierarchical structure.
Main Results:
- The preaveraging method simplifies the Langevin equation for steady and equilibrium states, even with long-range interactions.
- Transient stretching reveals a hierarchical regime structure with temporal changes in probabilistic distributions.
- The study examines the interplay between regime structure evolution, nonequilibrium work, and fluctuation-dissipation deviations.
Conclusions:
- The preaveraging method offers a simplified yet insightful description of polymer nonequilibrium stretching.
- Hierarchical structures play a significant role in the transient dynamics of polymers.
- Further investigation into nonequilibrium work and fluctuation-dissipation relations is warranted.
Related Concept Videos
01:08Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers
2.4K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.4K
01:03Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview
3.7K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.7K
01:10Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution
4.0K
For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
4.0K
01:21Plastic Behavior
298
A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
298
01:01Polymers: Defining Molecular Weight
3.3K
Unlike small molecules with definite molecular weights, polymers are a mixture of individual polymer chains of varying lengths, each with a unique molecular weight. So, the molecular weight of a polymer is expressed as an average value based on the average size of the polymer chains. The two most common forms of averages used for polymers are the number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight.
The number average molecular weight (Mn) is the summation of the number...
The number average molecular weight (Mn) is the summation of the number...
3.3K
01:21Polymer Classification: Crystallinity
3.2K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
3.2K