Neonatal Arterial Ischaemic Stroke: Advances in Pathologic Neural Death, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

Neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke (NAIS) is caused by focal arterial occlusion and often leads to severe neurological sequelae. Neural deaths after NAIS mainly include necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. These neural deaths are mainly caused by upstream stimulations, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and death receptor pathways. The current clinical approaches to managing NAIS mainly focus on supportive treatments, including seizure control and anticoagulation. In recent years, research on the pathology, early diagnosis, and potential therapeutic targets of NAIS has progressed. In this review, we summarise the latest progress of research on the pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of NAIS and highlight newly potential diagnostic and treatment approaches.