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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

19.4K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
19.4K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

15.4K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

10.2K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
10.2K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

15.7K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
15.7K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

45.1K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
45.1K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

28.2K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
28.2K

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Crystal Structure Control of Binary and Ternary Solid-Solution Alloy Nanoparticles with a Face-Centered Cubic or

Quan Zhang1, Kohei Kusada1, Dongshuang Wu1

  • 1Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 23, 2022
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Summary

Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) alloy nanoparticles exhibit superior catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution compared to face-centered cubic (fcc) phases. This study demonstrates controlled synthesis of hcp and fcc alloys, revealing hcp-RuIrPt

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Crystal structure critically influences solid-state properties.
  • Controlling alloy crystal structure at a fixed composition is challenging.
  • Alloy crystal structure-dependent properties are underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize Ru-Pt, Ru-Ir, and Ru-Ir-Pt alloy nanoparticles with controlled hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structures.
  • To investigate the impact of crystal structure on the catalytic performance of these alloy nanoparticles.
  • To explore the potential of hcp alloys for enhanced electrocatalysis.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical reduction method for alloy nanoparticle synthesis.
  • Precise tuning of metal precursor reduction speeds to control crystal structure.
  • Electrocatalytic testing for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of binary (Ru-Pt, Ru-Ir) and ternary (Ru-Ir-Pt) solid-solution alloy nanoparticles with controllable hcp and fcc phases.
  • All synthesized hcp alloy nanoparticles demonstrated superior electrocatalytic activity for HER compared to their fcc counterparts.
  • Hcp-RuIrPt exhibited significantly enhanced intrinsic and mass activity (3.1-6.9 times) over fcc-RuIrPt and commercial Pt/C.

Conclusions:

  • Precise control over alloy crystal structure via reduction speed is achievable.
  • The hcp crystal structure enhances electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction in alloys.
  • Hcp-RuIrPt represents a highly promising catalyst for efficient hydrogen production.