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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

Heusler-based synthetic antiferrimagnets.

Panagiotis Ch Filippou¹, Sergey V Faleev¹, Chirag Garg¹

¹IBM Research-Almaden, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.

Science Advances

|February 23, 2022

Summary

Researchers developed novel synthetic antiferromagnets using ordered RuAl and Heusler layers. This breakthrough expands materials for ultrafast spintronic devices by mitigating dipolar fields.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Published on: June 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Spintronics

Background:

Antiferromagnetic spintronic devices offer ultrafast operation by minimizing dipolar fields.
Metallic synthetic antiferromagnets, typically using transition metals, are key to spin transport electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the formation of synthetic antiferri(magnetic) sandwiches using novel materials.
To explore the potential of atomically ordered RuAl and Heusler layers in spintronics.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of synthetic antiferri(magnetic) structures with RuAl spacer layers and Heusler layers.
Characterization of layer growth and interlayer coupling properties.

Main Results:

Atomically ordered RuAl layers enable the growth of unit-cell-thin Heusler layers.
RuAl spacers induce thickness-dependent oscillatory interlayer coupling with a ~1.1 nm period.
Successful creation of ultrathin ordered synthetic antiferri(magnetic) materials.

Conclusions:

This work expands the range of synthetic antiferromagnets and magnetic compounds for spintronic applications.
The developed materials offer a new platform for designing advanced spintronic devices.