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    The dual-pulse phase optical time domain reflectometry (phase-OTDR) shows a linear response to fiber strain on average. However, random phase jumps, a key characteristic of phase-OTDR, occur due to nonlinear scattering effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Fiber Optic Sensing
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (phase-OTDR) is crucial for fiber optic sensing.
    • Understanding the response of phase-OTDR to dynamic perturbations like strain is essential for accurate measurements.
    • Previous studies have explored phase-OTDR linearity but detailed analysis of phase jumps under varying strain conditions is less explored.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To qualitatively analyze the dual-pulse phase-OTDR response to uniform and nonuniform fiber strain.
    • To investigate the nature and origin of random phase jumps in phase-OTDR signals.
    • To characterize the statistical distribution of 2π phase jumps.

    Main Methods:

    • Qualitative analysis of dual-pulse phase-OTDR signals.
    • Simulation of phase-OTDR response on the complex plane to explain phase jump origins.
    • Experimental validation using uniform and nonuniform fiber strain registration.
    • Statistical analysis using Gaussian probability mass function (PMF) for 2π jumps.

    Main Results:

    • The average response of dual-pulse phase-OTDR to external perturbations (fiber strain) is linear.
    • Individual phase-OTDR responses exhibit random phase jumps (π and 2π) due to nonlinear scattering and interference.
    • π jumps are linked to spatial channel fading, while 2π jumps occur with nonuniform strain propagation.
    • The distribution of 2π jumps can be approximated by a Gaussian PMF for a large number of events.
    • Experimental results confirm the presence of these phase jumps in real-world strain scenarios.

    Conclusions:

    • Dual-pulse phase-OTDR exhibits both linear average behavior and nonlinear random phase jumps under strain.
    • Phase jumps are an intrinsic property of phase-OTDR, arising from complex light scattering and interference phenomena.
    • The findings provide a deeper understanding of phase-OTDR signal characteristics, crucial for improving sensing accuracy and reliability.