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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Thyroid Diseases and Breast Cancer.

Enke Baldini1, Augusto Lauro1, Domenico Tripodi1

  • 1Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|February 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid diseases are linked to a higher risk of extra-thyroidal malignancies, particularly breast cancer. Thyroid autoimmunity may influence breast cancer outcomes, suggesting shared underlying mechanisms.

Keywords:
breast cancerepidemiologyetiologyextra-thyroidal malignanciesthyroid disease

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Epidemiological studies explore links between thyroid diseases and extra-thyroidal malignancies (EM).
  • A significant association exists between thyroid cancer and EM, notably breast cancer.
  • Benign thyroid conditions also show a notable association with breast cancer risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological, clinical, and experimental data on thyroid diseases and breast cancer.
  • To explore potential hormonal and molecular mechanisms linking these conditions.
  • To investigate the role of thyroid autoimmunity in breast cancer prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies and meta-analyses.
  • Analysis of clinical data on patient outcomes.
  • Examination of experimental findings and proposed molecular pathways.

Main Results:

  • Increased breast cancer risk observed in patients with thyroid diseases, including autoimmune thyroiditis.
  • Thyroid autoantibody-negative patients showed a higher odds ratio for breast cancer than autoantibody-positive patients.
  • Thyroid autoimmunity correlates with better outcomes in cancer patients, including longer disease-free survival in breast cancer patients.

Conclusions:

  • Factors beyond oncologic treatments may influence the development of secondary malignancies.
  • The molecular links between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer require further investigation.
  • Shared genetic or environmental factors may underlie the observed associations.