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Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Microfabrication of Implantable Optics Integrated in a Microstructured Imaging Window for Advanced In Vivo Imaging
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Broadband point-spread function engineering via a freeform diffractive microlens array.

Apratim Majumder, Monjurul Meem, Robert Stewart

    Optics Express
    |February 25, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Engineers designed a diffractive microlens array to achieve an extended depth of focus (DOF) for integral imaging. This innovation offers robust, low-cost manufacturing for applications like physical security.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Diffractive microlens arrays (MLAs) are crucial for optical systems.
    • Achieving extended depth of focus (DOF) and achromatic performance simultaneously is challenging.
    • Current MLA fabrication methods may limit cost-effectiveness and scalability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To engineer the point-spread function (PSF) of a diffractive microlens for extended DOF.
    • To develop an achromatic microlens array with high fill factor.
    • To demonstrate integral imaging applications using the developed MLA.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized inverse design to engineer the PSF of freeform diffractive microlenses.
    • Fabricated square microlenses with specific dimensions (69 µm side, 40 µm focal length) in a polymer film.
    • Employed UV-nanoimprint lithography for multi-level diffractive MLA fabrication.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an extended DOF of approximately ± 2 µm.
    • Generated a square PSF (∼10 µm side) that was achromatic across the visible spectrum (450-750 nm).
    • Demonstrated a 100% fill factor MLA suitable for integral imaging on high-resolution prints.

    Conclusions:

    • The engineered MLA provides extended DOF and achromatic performance, enhancing robustness against film-thickness variations.
    • UV-nanoimprint lithography enables potential for low-cost, large-volume manufacturing of these MLAs.
    • The developed MLA shows promise for integral imaging in physical security and other applications.