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    This study reveals asymmetry in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser spectra under modulation. A new analysis method explains this phenomenon and predicts novel resonant features, confirmed experimentally.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Semiconductor Lasers

    Background:

    • Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) exhibit asymmetric optical spectra under microwave frequency current modulation.
    • Conventional explanations involving amplitude and phase modulation do not fully account for this observed asymmetry.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a more comprehensive understanding of spectral asymmetry in modulated VCSELs.
    • To investigate the nonlinear interactions within the laser field components.
    • To identify new spectral features and their dependence on injection current.

    Main Methods:

    • Sequential analysis based on Maxwell's equations.
    • Accounting for nonlinear interactions among five spectral components of the laser field.
    • Experimental verification of predicted spectral features.

    Main Results:

    • The developed model predicts a non-global asymmetry in the optical spectrum.
    • A novel resonant feature was identified in the power ratio of the second sidebands.
    • Experimental results confirmed the model's predictions, including the resonant feature.

    Conclusions:

    • The nonlinear interaction of spectral components provides a more complete explanation for VCSEL spectral asymmetry.
    • The study introduces a new perspective on understanding laser dynamics under modulation.
    • Experimental validation highlights the practical implications for laser design and application.