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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Author Spotlight: Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption
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Recent Progress in Daytime Radiative Cooling: Advanced Material Designs and Applications.

Qian Zhang1,2, Shuaihao Wang1, Xueyang Wang1

  • 1National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Frontiers Science Center For Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.

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Summary

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) offers a zero-energy solution for cooling by reflecting sunlight and emitting heat. This review highlights PDRC

Keywords:
applicationsdaytime radiative coolingsolar reflectancestructure designthermal emittance

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is a developing technology for cooling without energy consumption.
  • PDRC materials achieve cooling by reflecting solar radiation and emitting thermal radiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in PDRC materials and designs.
  • To highlight recent progress and potential applications of PDRC.
  • To identify challenges and opportunities in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on PDRC.
  • Analysis of material properties (solar reflectivity, infrared emissivity).
  • Exploration of PDRC applications.

Main Results:

  • PDRC materials demonstrate high solar reflectivity and mid-infrared emissivity for passive cooling.
  • PDRC offers a zero-energy consumption cooling method, reducing environmental impact.
  • Applications include building cooling, photovoltaic cooling, and power generation.

Conclusions:

  • PDRC is a promising sustainable cooling technology with diverse applications.
  • Further research is needed for fundamental understanding and practical implementation.
  • The review provides a comprehensive overview of PDRC progress.