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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen. Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Published on: June 5, 2021

A Lateral Flow Immunoassay Coupled with a Spectrum-Based Reader for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Detection.

Rui-Lin Huang¹, Yi-Chen Fu¹, Yung-Chih Wang²

¹Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.

|February 26, 2022

Summary

A new portable device enhances lateral flow immunoassays for accurate COVID-19 antibody detection. This method shows high accuracy in both infected and vaccinated individuals, improving diagnostic capabilities for SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords:

AstraZeneca coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)lateral flow immunoassay neutralizing antibody severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

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Published on: June 5, 2021

A Rapid, Multiplex Dual Reporter IgG and IgM SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assay for a Multiplexed Bead-Based Flow Analysis System

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Published on: April 6, 2021

Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19

Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19

Published on: February 16, 2022

Area of Science:

Immunology
Medical Diagnostics
Biotechnology

Background:

Over 200 million COVID-19 cases and 4 million deaths globally by August 2021.
Serological assays are valuable for COVID-19 diagnosis, especially in recovered or late-stage patients.
Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) offer advantages over traditional ELISA but require objective interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an innovative, portable device for accurate interpretation of LFIA results.
To improve the diagnostic accuracy of neutralizing antibody detection for SARS-CoV-2.
To assess the feasibility of the developed system for both COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals.

Main Methods:

Developed a spectrum-based portable reader to capture high-resolution reflectance spectra from LFIA.
Combined the spectrum-based reader with commercial LFIA kits.
Tested the system on serum samples from 30 COVID-19 patients and plasma samples from 16 AstraZeneca-vaccinated individuals.

Main Results:

The coupled system achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.989.
Demonstrated 100% sensitivity, 95.7% positive predictive value, 87.5% specificity, and 100% negative predictive value in COVID-19 patients.
Showed a high correlation with ELISA in vaccinated individuals, indicating broad applicability.

Conclusions:

The spectrum-based reader coupled with LFIA is a valuable tool for accurate neutralizing antibody detection.
This approach significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy compared to visual interpretation of LFIA.
The system is a feasible method for detecting neutralizing antibodies in both COVID-19-infected and vaccinated populations.