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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Bacteriophages Roam the Wheat Phyllosphere.

Laura Milena Forero-Junco1, Katrine Wacenius Skov Alanin1,2, Amaru Miranda Djurhuus1

  • 1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.

Viruses
|February 26, 2022
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Summary

This study reveals a vast, active community of novel bacterial viruses, primarily bacteriophages, in the wheat phyllosphere. These findings highlight the significant, previously uncharacterized viral diversity impacting plant health.

Keywords:
Triticum aestivumbacteriophagephyllosphereviral metagenomics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Plant Science
  • Virology

Background:

  • The phyllosphere microbiome is crucial for plant health.
  • Bacteriophages influence phyllosphere bacterial communities.
  • Phyllosphere viral diversity remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the dsDNA and ssDNA viral communities in the wheat phyllosphere for the first time.
  • To assess the diversity and abundance of these viral communities.
  • To identify potential applications of phyllosphere viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction and sequencing of viral DNA from wheat leaves.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify virus operational taxonomic units (vOTUs).
  • Estimation of viral particle abundance.

Main Results:

  • Identification of 876 vOTUs in the wheat phyllosphere.
  • 848 vOTUs represent novel viral species, predominantly lytic bacteriophages.
  • Estimated viral abundance of at least 2.0 × 10^6 particles per leaf.

Conclusions:

  • The wheat phyllosphere hosts a large, active community of novel bacterial viruses.
  • These viruses, particularly bacteriophages, play a significant role in phyllosphere ecology.
  • Phyllosphere viruses show potential for biocontrol and microbiome modulation in agriculture.