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Related Concept Videos

Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Whither cryopreservation? The landscape gets colder.

Nanette Santoro1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.

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Embryo and gamete cryopreservation is increasingly used, posing future legal and ethical challenges. Clinics must understand the science, legal risks, and ethical considerations of current practices.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive medicine
  • Bioethics
  • Legal medicine

Background:

  • Cryopreservation of human gametes and embryos is a rapidly advancing field.
  • Increased utilization of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has led to greater volumes of cryopreserved materials.
  • The evolving legal and regulatory landscape presents new challenges for fertility clinics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the potential future challenges and liabilities associated with embryo and gamete cryopreservation.
  • To inform clinics about the current scientific standards in cryopreservation.
  • To raise awareness of the legal ramifications and long-term ethical implications of current cryopreservation practices.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review and discussion of current practices and legal/ethical considerations.
  • Analysis of the current state of cryopreservation science.
  • Examination of existing and potential legal frameworks and ethical guidelines.

Main Results:

  • The increasing use of cryopreservation creates complex legal and ethical issues.
  • Clinics face potential liabilities due to the evolving nature of the science and law.
  • A proactive approach is needed to address these challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Clinics must stay informed about scientific advancements in cryopreservation.
  • Understanding potential legal ramifications is crucial for mitigating future risks.
  • Long-term ethical considerations should guide current practices in gamete and embryo cryopreservation.