Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

5.7K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
5.7K
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

10.7K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
10.7K
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

2.2K
2.2K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

78.7K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
78.7K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

7.2K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
7.2K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

53.9K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
53.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Servo-Actuated 3D-Printed Disposable Microvalves for Automated, Scalable Organoid Culture in Standard Incubators.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Microfluidic Control of Dorsal-Ventral Patterning Within a Single Forebrain Organoid.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

The diploid reference genome of a human embryonic stem cell line.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Genetic diversity and regulatory features of human-specific NOTCH2NL duplications.

Cell genomics·2026
Same author

Establishing mouse forebrain organoids as models of intrinsic cortical network assembly.

Stem cell reports·2026
Same author

Goal-directed learning in cortical organoids.

Cell reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
11:32

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Published on: December 4, 2010

15.5K

The Complexity of the Mammalian Transcriptome.

Sofie R Salama1

  • 1UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. ssalama@ucsc.edu.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The mammalian transcriptome is far more complex than previously thought, with many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed from the genome. Their functions are largely unknown but may involve gene regulation.

Keywords:
ENCODEGenomeLong noncoding RNATranscriptomeTransposable elements

More Related Videos

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

69.0K
Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

13.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
11:32

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Published on: December 4, 2010

15.5K
Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

69.0K
Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

13.7K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Transcriptomics

Background:

  • Early 2000s genome assemblies and transcript mapping revealed a larger, more complex mammalian transcriptome than anticipated.
  • A significant portion of the mammalian genome is transcribed, producing numerous transcripts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively catalog the identity and features of transcripts across various species, tissues, and cell lines.
  • To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) within the mammalian transcriptome.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized draft genome assemblies of multiple mammalian species.
  • Employed advanced technologies for mapping diverse RNA samples to genomes.
  • Cataloged transcript identity and features across various biological contexts.

Main Results:

  • A large fraction of the mammalian genome is transcribed in various settings.
  • Numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified, many independent of known mRNAs or small RNAs.
  • lncRNAs exhibit diverse genomic relationships, including overlapping protein-coding genes or small RNAs.

Conclusions:

  • The mammalian transcriptome is vast and complex, with lncRNAs representing a major component.
  • While many lncRNA functions remain elusive, they appear to play roles in gene regulation.
  • New technologies like nanopore and single-cell RNA sequencing are crucial for fully characterizing the transcriptome and lncRNA landscape.