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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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RNA Stability01:53

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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RNA Structure01:19

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Towards Molecular Mechanism in Long Non-coding RNAs: Linking Structure and Function.

Karissa Sanbonmatsu1

  • 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA. kys@lanl.gov.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Structural studies of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial for understanding their roles in disease and development. This review highlights methods like cryo-EM for advancing lncRNA structural biology and function.

Keywords:
Long non-coding RNANon-coding RNARNARNA biochemistryRNA structure

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Structural biology
  • RNA biology

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are vital in cellular processes and disease, yet their structural characterization remains limited.
  • Existing research has explored lncRNA functions but has not extensively investigated their three-dimensional structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review functional and structural studies of lncRNAs.
  • To explore established structural biology techniques applicable to RNA.
  • To propose cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a key method for future lncRNA structural investigations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on lncRNA functional and structural studies.
  • Examination of techniques such as chemical probing, NMR, SAXS, X-ray crystallography, and cryo-EM for RNA structure determination.
  • Focus on the application and potential of cryo-EM for lncRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Limited progress in lncRNA structural studies despite their functional importance.
  • Established RNA structure determination methods provide a foundation for lncRNA research.
  • Cryo-EM emerges as a promising technique for high-resolution lncRNA structure elucidation.

Conclusions:

  • Advancing lncRNA structural biology is essential for a comprehensive understanding of their cellular roles.
  • Structure-function relationships in lncRNAs hold significant potential for future discoveries.
  • Cryo-EM is poised to be a transformative tool in the field of lncRNA structural biology.