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Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Mouse Round Spermatid Injection
Published on: January 26, 2024
Advancements in mammalian X and Y sperm differences and sex control technology
Qifu He1,2,3, Min Huang1,2,3, Xuyang Cao1,2,3
1College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
Abstract:
Mammal sex determination depends on whether the X sperm or Y sperm binds to the oocyte during fertilization. If the X sperm joins in oocyte, the offspring will be female, if the Y sperm fertilizes, the offspring will be male. Livestock sex control technology has tremendous value for livestock breeding as it can increase the proportion of female offspring and improve the efficiency of livestock production. This review discusses the detailed differences between mammalian X and Y sperm with respect to their morphology, size, and motility in the reproductive tract and in in vitro conditions, as well as 'omics analysis results. Moreover, research progress in mammalian sex control technology has been summarized.
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