Biomarkers of endothelial activation and dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Medicine
• Biomarker Discovery
• Endothelial Biology

Background:

• Endothelial activation and dysfunction are central to atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cardiorenal syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and type II diabetes.
• Identifying specific and sensitive biomarkers for these conditions has significant clinical implications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To differentiate between biomarkers of endothelial activation and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases.
• To review the most relevant biomarkers for endothelial activation and present novel biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on endothelial activation and dysfunction biomarkers.
• Categorization of biomarkers into those associated with activation versus dysfunction.
• Discussion of specific molecules and microparticles as indicators.

Main Results:

• Biomarkers of endothelial activation include adhesion molecules, cytokines, C-reactive protein, CD62E+/E-selectin activated endothelial microparticles, oxidized LDL, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and endocan.
• Novel biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction encompass matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-7, MMP-9), ANGPTL2, endoglin, annexin V+ apoptotic microparticles, and serum homocysteine.

Conclusions:

• Distinguishing between endothelial activation and dysfunction biomarkers is critical for understanding cardiovascular pathologies.
• While numerous biomarkers exist, their clinical utility is constrained by limitations that require further investigation.