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Updated: Oct 1, 2025
Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates
Published on: November 11, 2011
Kinematic evaluation and reliability assessment of the Nine Hole Peg Test for manual dexterity
Federico Temporiti1, Serena Mandaresu2, Alessandra Calcagno2
1Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34, Milan, Italy.
Background:
The Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) is one of the most frequently used tools to assess manual dexterity. However, no kinematic parameters are provided to describe the quality of the motor performance, since time is the only score.
Purpose:
To investigate test-retest and intra-rater reliability, correlation with clinical test score, and discriminant validity of kinematic indexes during NHPT.
Study Design:
A clinical measurement study.
Methods:
Twenty-five healthy right-handed volunteers performed the NHPT. An experienced physiotherapist administered two sessions at a 6-hour interval with two trials for dominant and non-dominant upper limbs. An optoelectronic system was used to detect NHPT performance, which was divided into nine consecutive peg-grasp, peg-transfer, peg-in-hole, hand-return phases, and one final removing phase. Outcome measures were total and single phases times, normalized jerk, mean, peak and time-to-peak of velocity, curvature index during peg-grasp and hand-return phases, and trunk 3D displacement. The statistical analysis included Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) for test-retest and intra-rater reliability, Pearson's coefficients for correlation with the NHPT score, and paired t-tests for discriminant validity.
Results:
Test-retest reliability was excellent for trunk rotation (ICC: 0.91) and good to moderate for the other indexes (ICCs: 0.89-0.61). Intra-rater reliability was excellent for total and removing times (ICCs: 0.91 and 0.94) and good to moderate for the other indexes (ICCs: 0.84-0.66), except for trunk inclination (ICC: 0.37). NHPT phases, normalized jerk, mean velocity, peak of velocity, time-to-peak and curvature index correlated with total time (r-score: 0.8-0.3). NHPT phases and most kinematic indexes discriminated the dominant from non-dominant upper limb, with the greatest effect size for normalized jerk during hand-return (d = 1.16).
Conclusions:
Kinematic indexes during NHPT can be considered for manual dexterity assessment. These indexes may allow for the detection of kinematic changes responsible for NHPT score variations in healthy subjects or patients with upper limb impairments.
