High-Throughput Multiplex Electrochemiluminescence Assay Applicable to General Population Screening for Type 1...

Large-scale screening of the general population for islet autoantibodies (IAbs) to detect type 1 diabetes (T1D) has started worldwide. The standard screening method of separate radio-binding assay (RBA) for each IAb is an inefficient bottleneck. Furthermore, most positive results by RBA in screening of general population individuals without a clinical diagnosis of T1D are low-affinity and not predictive of future diabetes. We have developed and validated a novel 6-Plex assay based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology that combines in a single well high-affinity IAbs (to insulin, GAD, IA-2, and ZnT8), transglutaminase autoantibodies for celiac disease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies. The Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK) provided 880 serum samples, from 828 children aged 1-17 years without diabetes who were previously tested for IAbs using single ECL assays and RBA assays. Levels of all six antibodies in the 6-Plex ECL assay correlated well with respective single ECL assay levels. Similar to single ECL assays, the 6-Plex ECL assay positivity was congruent with the RBA in 95% (35/37) of children who later developed T1D and in 88% (105/119) high-risk children with multiple IAbs. In contrast, only 56% (86/154, P < 0.0001) of children with persistent single IAb by RBA were found to be positive by 6-Plex ECL assay. Of 555 samples negative for all IAbs by RBA, few (0.2%-0.5%) were positive at low levels in the 6-Plex ECL assay. The study demonstrated that the 6-Plex ECL assay compares favorably to the standard RBAs in terms of disease specificity for general population screening in children. The 6-Plex ECL assay was therefore adopted as the primary screening tool in the general population screening ASK program with advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and low serum volume.