Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Role of Repetitive DNA Misregulation in Cancer Initiation and Immunotherapy Resistance
Published on: December 13, 2024
Indirect reference intervals using an R pipeline
1Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH 43205, United States.
Background:
Indirect reference intervals require robust statistical approaches to separate the pathological and healthy values. This can be achieved with a data pipeline created in R, a freely available statistical programming language.
Methods:
A data pipeline was created to ingest, partition, normalize, remove outliers, and identify reference intervals for testosterone (Testo; n = 7,207) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; n = 5,882) using data sets from NHANES.
Results:
The estimates for AST and Testo determined by this pipeline approximated current RIs. Care should be taken when using this pipeline as there are limitations that depend on the pathology of the analyte and the data set being used for RI estimation.
Conclusions:
R can be used to create a robust statistical reference interval pipeline.
Related Concept Videos
Interpreting R Charts
An R chart plots the range of subsets of measurements collected from a process. Each point on the chart represents the range—defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum...
The R Chart
R charts are pivotal for pinpointing shifts in process variability. Stability is indicated when all data points remain within the defined upper and lower...
Interpretation of Confidence Intervals
Confidence intervals have confidence coefficients that are crucial for their interpretation. The most common confidence coefficients are 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99, which can be written as percentages–90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively.
Suppose a person calculates a confidence interval with a confidence coefficient of 0.95. In that case, they can...
Introduction to R

