The father experiences and challenges of Namibian and South African offshore working men

Offshore working fathers' extended absence from families influences families' well-being, and fathers' own psychological well-being and job satisfaction. Moreover, it impacts on job safety and performance. The paternal experiences and challenges of offshore working men, however, remains relatively unexplored with most research conducted with men from western or northern hemisphere contexts.

To explore the father ideas, experiences, practices, and challenges of Namibian and South African men of colour who work offshore the African coast; and if and how these are informed by traditional and "new" fatherhood ideas.

We used a qualitative method that involved interviewing 15 fathers about their experiences and challenges. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the resulting data.

Fathers viewed themselves as part-time fathers; They identified with contemporary notions of affectionate fathers who desire close connections with children but found it challenging to form and maintain close relationships with older children; They valued the fulfilment of traditional father roles of disciplinarian, provider and protector; and, They resorted to authoritarian practices when confronted with problematic child behaviour. Traditional gender notions seemed to underpin many of their father ideas, practices, and challenges.

Both new and traditional father and gender ideas informed fathers' experiences and challenges. Fathers need awareness about their taken-for-granted gender and father role assumptions, as well as knowledge and skills to enable close relationships with their children across children's developmental stages.