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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
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X-ray Imaging01:24

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Full Field X-Ray Scatter Tomography.

Gary Ruben, Isaac Pinar, Jeremy M C Brown

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    This study introduces 3D X-ray Scatter Tomography with full-field illumination for small-animal imaging. It achieves high-fidelity scatter tomograms, enabling detailed segmentation of rat lungs and airways.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • Biophysics
    • X-ray Physics

    Background:

    • X-ray imaging relies on transmitted photons, but scattered photons offer additional information.
    • Previous scatter imaging used limited illumination (pencil/fan beam).
    • Full-field illumination has not been explored for 3D X-ray scatter tomography.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate 3D X-ray Scatter Tomography using full-field illumination for small-animal imaging.
    • To assess the feasibility of using scattered X-ray photons for enhanced imaging.
    • To evaluate image quality and potential applications in biological research.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized synchrotron imaging experiments on a phantom and a juvenile rat.
    • Employed full-field illumination with simultaneous imaging of transmitted and scattered photons.
    • Used separate cameras: a scientific camera for transmitted photons and a pixelated detector with a pinhole for scattered photons at 45°.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 3D scatter tomograms with sufficient feature fidelity for segmenting rat lungs and major airways.
    • Scatter tomogram contrast approached that of transmission imaging, showing robustness to multiple scattering.
    • Demonstrated the potential for dose reduction and improved imaging in live animal studies.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D X-ray Scatter Tomography with full-field illumination is a viable technique for small-animal imaging.
    • This method can provide complementary imaging information without increasing radiation dose.
    • It offers potential for advanced applications like single-shot or reduced-angle tomography.