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Related Concept Videos

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Operational and Intervention Effects of Targeted Tuina in Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Rabbits
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Operational and Intervention Effects of Targeted Tuina in Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Rabbits

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Partial reprogramming strategy for intervertebral disc rejuvenation by activating energy switch.

Feng Cheng1,2,3, Chenggui Wang4, Yufei Ji5

  • 1Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Aging Cell
|March 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Partial reprogramming using OSKM (Oct-3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) rejuvenates aging cells in degenerative discs. This approach inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) progression and restores cellular function by activating energy metabolism.

Keywords:
cellular senescenceintervertebral disc degenerationnucleus pulposus cellsreprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a significant cause of back pain.
  • Rejuvenating nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) offers a potential therapeutic strategy for IDD.
  • Partial cellular reprogramming avoids tumor formation associated with classical reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of partial reprogramming on aging NPCs in the context of IDD.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which partial reprogramming impacts IDD progression.
  • To assess the therapeutic potential of partial reprogramming for IDD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Short-term cyclic expression of OSKM (Oct-3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) was induced in aging NPCs.
  • Senescence-related phenotypes in NPCs were evaluated.
  • Changes in cellular energy metabolism and cytoskeletal organization were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Partial reprogramming via OSKM inhibited IDD progression and reduced NPC senescence.
  • OSKM induction upregulated Hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression, activating cellular energy metabolism.
  • Cytoskeletal redistribution and restoration of cellular function were observed in treated NPCs.

Conclusions:

  • Partial reprogramming using transient OSKM expression is a promising therapeutic strategy for IDD.
  • The mechanism involves activating energy metabolism via HK2, leading to cellular rejuvenation.
  • This approach holds potential for developing novel treatments for intervertebral disc degeneration.