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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Trained immunity in the mucosal diseases.

Dou Yu1,2, Jiaqi Zhang1,3, Shuo Wang1,3

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Wires Mechanisms of Disease
|March 10, 2022
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Summary

Trained immunity (TI) enhances innate immune responses for host defense but can cause inflammation. This review explores TI's role in mucosal immunity and diseases, highlighting metabolic and epigenetic changes for potential treatments.

Keywords:
innate immune memorymetabolic and epigenetic modificationmucosal diseasestrained immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular and Cellular Physiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity.
  • Innate immune cells exhibit enhanced responses to re-exposure, a phenomenon termed trained immunity (TI).
  • TI is crucial for host defense against pathogens and tumors but can lead to detrimental inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of trained immunity in mucosal-associated diseases.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of trained immunity in mucosal contexts.
  • To explore the clinical potential of targeting trained immunity in mucosal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on trained immunity and mucosal immunology.
  • Analysis of metabolic and epigenetic alterations in trained immune cells.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on TI's impact on mucosal health and disease.

Main Results:

  • Trained immunity significantly influences the outcomes of mucosal diseases.
  • Metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming underpins the functional changes in trained immune cells.
  • Dysregulated TI contributes to both protective and pathological inflammatory responses at mucosal sites.

Conclusions:

  • Trained immunity plays a dual role in mucosal immunity, offering protection but also contributing to disease pathogenesis.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of TI, including metabolic and epigenetic shifts, is key.
  • Targeting trained immunity presents a promising avenue for novel therapeutic strategies in mucosal-associated diseases.