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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Dehydration Synthesis01:15

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Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
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Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

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In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Enzymes02:34

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides
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Nucleotide sugar dehydratases: Structure, mechanism, substrate specificity, and application potential.

Ulrike Vogel1, Koen Beerens1, Tom Desmet1

  • 1Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|March 10, 2022
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Nucleotide sugar dehydratases are crucial for synthesizing deoxy sugars in bacteria, impacting virulence and antibiotic production. This review compares their structures and mechanisms, revealing key differences and similarities.

Keywords:
amino sugarsbiocatalysisdehydratasedeoxy sugarsnucleotide sugars

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Nucleotide sugar (NS) dehydratases are essential enzymes in the biosynthesis of deoxy and amino sugars.
  • These sugars are vital for bacterial virulence and the production of macrolide antibiotics.
  • Bacteria exhibit diverse deoxy sugar biosynthesis capabilities, crucial for various biological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of NS dehydratases.
  • To compare the structures and reaction mechanisms of different NS dehydratase groups.
  • To highlight commonalities and differences among closely related NS dehydratases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on NS dehydratases.
  • Comparative analysis of enzyme structures and reaction mechanisms.
  • Classification of NS dehydratases into three main groups based on function and homology.

Main Results:

  • NS dehydratases are classified into 4,6-dehydratases (NS-short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily), 2,3-dehydratases (Nudix hydrolase superfamily), and 3-dehydratases (aspartame aminotransferase family).
  • 4,6-Dehydratases initiate deoxy sugar biosynthesis by converting nucleoside diphosphate hexoses.
  • 2,3- and 3-dehydratases further process intermediates to yield dideoxy and trideoxy sugars.

Conclusions:

  • NS dehydratases exhibit diverse structural and mechanistic strategies for deoxy sugar synthesis.
  • Understanding these enzymes provides insights into bacterial metabolism, virulence, and antibiotic development.
  • Comparative analysis reveals conserved features and unique adaptations within NS dehydratase superfamilies.