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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Stress Response System01:21

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The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
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Basic Concepts and Hormonal Regulators of the Stress System.

Paraskevi Kazakou1,2, Nicolas C Nicolaides1,3,4,5, George P Chrousos1,3,4

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.

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Summary

The body

Keywords:
CatecholaminesGlucocorticoidsStressStress systemStressors

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Physiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Organisms face stressors threatening homeostasis.
  • The neuroendocrine stress system, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and locus caeruleus/norepinephrine-autonomic nervous system, manages these challenges.
  • This system comprises key hormonal regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the components and interactions of the stress system.
  • To present hormonal regulators of the stress response.
  • To discuss the development of stress-related pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of the stress system.
  • Analysis of hormonal regulation in stress response.
  • Examination of stress-related conditions.

Main Results:

  • Stress system activation aids survival through adaptations.
  • Inadequate, excessive, or prolonged stress responses can cause maladaptation and pathology.
  • Environmental factors and genetics interact, potentially causing long-term epigenetic changes.

Conclusions:

  • The stress system is crucial for adapting to and surviving stressors.
  • Dysregulation of the stress response can lead to significant health issues.
  • Epigenetic modifications influenced by early-life stress and genetics play a role in stress-related diseases.