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Does restricting arm motion compromise short sprint running performance?

Lance C Brooks1, Peter G Weyand2, Kenneth P Clark3

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics of human locomotion
  • Sports science and performance analysis

Background:

  • Human running involves synchronized arm and leg movements.
  • The functional role of arm motion in running performance is not fully understood.
  • Arm-leg coupling may reduce vertical axis rotation, potentially optimizing ground force application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether restricting arm motion compromises performance in short sprints.
  • To quantify the impact of self-imposed arm restriction on sprint times.

Main Methods:

  • Seventeen track and field (TF) and team sport (TS) athletes performed 30m sprints under normal and restricted arm motion conditions.
  • Arm motion was restricted by crossing arms over the chest.
  • Sprint performance was measured using radar, and times were compared using Repeated Measures ANOVA.

Main Results:

  • Sprint times were faster with normal arm motion compared to restricted motion (4.82s vs. 4.90s overall).
  • The difference in performance was marginal, approximately 1.6% overall and less than 0.10 seconds.
  • Both TF and TS subgroups showed statistically significant, yet small, performance decrements with restricted arm motion.

Conclusions:

  • Restricting arm motion marginally compromises short sprint running performance.
  • Compensatory upper body motions can mitigate the effects of reduced arm swing by managing lower body angular momentum.