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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

14.4K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
7.6K
The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

2.0K
Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Updated: Sep 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhanced Histone PTM Isomer Identification Through LC-TIMS-ToF MS/MS and PASEF
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Author Spotlight: Enhanced Histone PTM Isomer Identification Through LC-TIMS-ToF MS/MS and PASEF

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Histone variant-specific post-translational modifications.

Faith M Joseph1, Nicolas L Young2

  • 1Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|March 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone variants and their specific post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate gene function. Understanding these variant-specific PTMs is crucial for advancing chromatin biology and cell regulation research.

Keywords:
ChromatinEpigeneticsHistone VariantsHistonesPost-translational modificationsReplication-independent

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones regulate DNA-based processes, cell differentiation, and gene function.
  • Histone variants expand the chromatin repertoire, offering additional regulatory and signaling mechanisms.
  • The specific PTMs on histone variants and their regulatory roles remain largely unexplored due to technological limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on post-translational modifications specific to histone variants.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding variant-specific PTMs for chromatin regulation.
  • To provide a convenient reference for key variant-specific PTMs and their functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on histone variants and their PTMs.
  • Focus on well-characterized PTMs with known functions.
  • Compilation of information into reference tables.

Main Results:

  • Identified key post-translational modifications specific to certain histone variants.
  • Summarized the known functions and mechanisms of these variant-specific PTMs.
  • Presented information in organized reference tables for accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • Histone variants and their unique PTMs are integral to chromatin regulation.
  • Further research and technological advancements are needed to fully elucidate variant-specific PTM functions.
  • Understanding these modifications is paramount for advancing the fields of epigenetics and molecular biology.